Corporation and Equity Participation - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1775 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2017/09/20 Category Business Essay Type Analytical essay Tags: Communication Essay Did you like this example? (a) â€Å"Nemawashi† is an agricultural metaphor. The idea is that before a farmer plants a seed, he should prepare the roots and the soil, so that the seed has the best chance of survival. It is a political process by which an unofficial understanding is reached before a final decision is made on a particular matter. â€Å"Nemawashi† is Bottom-up style decision making (middle management has the greatest influence on decision making). The Japanese are primarily concerned with harmoniously working out problems without causing interpersonal frictions, such nemawashi is employed as simply informal lobbying to gain consensus before action. A complete consensus is essential and this is achieved by using the process of â€Å"ringi†. Everyone stamped his chop on a piece of paper called â€Å"ringsho†, a formal meeting can be called to discuss the issue very formally. No one usually says anything negative at this meeting. Why? , this is largely due to t he extensive preparation involving a lot of meetings before the final meeting. While vertical US system is top-down decision making, downward communication consists primarily of orders for implementation, and upward communication consist of reports on performance and accomplishment. Top management come up with programmed decisions, employees are to follow through. Nemawashi promotes Democracy for lower levels, encourages greater participation, decisions are met with general acceptance and it reinforces harmony within the company. Because an excessive number of meetings are held, involving an excessive number of people, the process is time consuming and can lead to lost business opportunities. Situation: Company worker identified a potential new client. Process: Important account information and an outline of potential benefit from acquiring the client is composed using a ringsho. This is passed to various departments to determine if the potential client matches each department requirement. For example finance/accounting (for credit worthiness), to distribution (for logical support) and to public relations (for appropriateness of associating with the new client) Situation: A decision concerning financial commitment is needed. Process: A ringisho is composed with various financial alternatives. Based upon the financial requirement, the ringsho is circulated to the appropriate managerial levels. For example Chairman, the president, vice president, senior management group and, to divisional managers. The process permits initiative from lower level managers by giving them responsibility for carrying out action. It gives top management control while providing a method for group participation. Drawback may include inadequate overall knowledge of the company by the lower-level manager to make effective decision. The inability to make spontaneous decision can inhibit long-range planning. The organizational culture may compel individual group member to accept t he final decision, even if they disagree. (b) Understanding the difference between the two cultures’ nonverbal communication system is necessary for a successful business transactions. Japanese business meeting etiquette must also be religiously respected. These will go a long way to decrease intercultural communication apprehension on both sides. Several symbols represent words or expressions to the Japanese that must be conveyed verbally in other countries. For Americans or Canadians to be successful with the Japanese, we must learn how to comprehend the significance of important traditions: e. g. Japanese bow, business card exchange, different meaning of eye contact, facial expressions, and typical Japanese body gestures, tactile aspects, and time concepts. Qi Concepts Limited offers cross-cultural communication seminars, one-on one coaching for key executives and business â€Å"hotline† services. At the beginning of the meeting, it is expected that foreigners greet fellow Japanese business people with respect and earnestness. Although the customary greeting in Japan is to bow, some Japanese, especially those with international experience will greet fellow business people with a handshake. If one is greeted with a bow however, they should return the bow, preferably as low as the one they received. How low one bows determines the status of the relationship between the two. Between Japanese, subordinates will bow deeply and their superiors will not to the same extent. Before everyone takes a seat, it is an essential part of Japanese business etiquette to exchange business cards. In Japan, business cards are called ‘meishi’. They are considered not only as serious tools for establishing business contacts, but also as identification of the individual and the company he/she represents. Business cards should be printed with one side in Japanese and one side in the language of the individual’s home country. It is in ones best interest to offer their business card with both hands as this denotes reater respect. Unlike many Western countries where it is acceptable to ‘pocket’ a business card upon receipt, it is considered extremely rude and disrespectful in Japan. In comparison it is expected for the recipient to review and memorize the details printed on the card and then carefully place it in a card holder or pocketbook. As Japanese business meetings are conducted formally, it is unacceptable for members to dress casually. Acceptable attire for men includes conservative suits in a dark color. Women are also expected to dress conservatively and should avoid wearing trousers as Japanese men may take it offensively. In addition both men and women should wear slip on shoes as it is probable that they may frequently have to take off their shoes. The seating arrangement in Japanese business meetings tends to be dependant on the status of the participants; the highest ranking member will be expected to take a seat at the head of the table. The succeeding members of rank will then take their seats starting with the seats closest to the highest ranking member and then gradually move round to the end of the table. At the end of the meeting, one must wait until the highest ranking participant stands before they can. Throughout the business meeting, it is mandatory to behave in the accepted manner. For example, pointing or using large hand gestures should be avoided as it is not usual for Japanese people to gesticulate as they talk and so it may be considered a distraction. In addition, blowing your nose in public is perceived as being disruptive and unhygienic. As a participant, it is also important to look interested for the duration of the business meeting. Consequently, taking notes is highly appreciated. For Japanese business persons, social drinking provides an outlet and is greatly encouraged by the business world. Doing business with the Japanese is a skillfu l art acquired through patience and understanding. One can never hide one’s western culture so attempt to blindly copy Japanese methods are destined to fail. Instead, respect the Japanese system, and business communication is sure to flourish. (c) Representative offices aimed at the collection and provision of information may be freely established without any registration requirements under the Japanese Commercial Code; no notification need be provided to tax offices, as representative offices do not engage in business operations in Japan and hus are not subject to corporate tax. However, representative offices established by foreign banks, insurance companies, securities companies, or other financial institutions are exceptions; prior notification must be provided to the Financial Services Agency for such representative offices (as stipulated in the Banking Law, Securities Exchange Law and other laws). A bank account opened by a representative office will ordinarily be regis tered jointly in the name of the office and an individual representative, as in (name of representative), Japan Representative Office, (name of company). The documentation generally required for a representative office to open a bank account is as follows: * Passport of representative * Certificate of alien registration of representative * Company brochure * Leasing agreement * Bank seal Foreign companies generally engage in business operations by establishing a branch office, subsidiary company, or limited liability partnership, and the legal differences between each of these are summarized in the following table. Table 1-1| | Branch office| Subsidiary company| Limited liability partnership (LLP)| | | Kabushiki-Kaisha (joint-stock corporation)| Godo-Kaisha limited liability company (LLC))| | Restrictions on equity participation| Notification must be filed with the Bank of Japan| Notification must be filed with the Bank of Japan| Notification must be filed with the Bank of Japan| No tification need not be filed with the Bank of Japan| Capital| No capital| 1 yen or more(*1)| 1 yen or more(*1)| 2 yen or more (if 2 partners)| Number of investors| -| 1 or more| 1 or more| 2 or more(*3)| Liability of equity participants/parent company toward creditors| Unlimited| Limited to amount of equity participation| Limited to amount of equity participation| Limited to amount of equity participation| Transfer of equity participation share| No equity participation share| May be transferred freely in principle. May be stipulated in articles of incorporation that approval of Board of Directors is needed for transfer of shares. Unanimous approval of equity participants (members) required| Unanimous approval of partners required| Number of executives required| Representative in Japan. 1 or more(*2)| See Tables 1-2, 1-3| No legally stipulated minimum. In principle, all members are executive officers, but a representative member may be appointed(*2). | No legally stipulated minimu m. All partners are executive officers(*3). | Legally stipulated term of office for executives| No legally stipulated term| See Tables 1-2, 1-3| No legally stipulated term| No legally stipulated term| Regular general meeting of shareholders (members)| Not required| In principle, must be held every year| Not required| Not required| Possibility of public offer of stock (equity participation share)| No equity participation share| Possible| Not possible| Not possible| Possibility of reorganization into joint-stock corporation| Not possible. Need to separately close branch office and establish joint-stock corporation(*4)| -| Possible| Not possible. Need to separately dissolve partnership and establish joint-stock corporation(*5)| Distribution of profits and losses| -| Allocated according to equity participation ratio| May be allocated at a different rate from equity participation rate if specified in articles of association| May be freely allocated with the unanimous approval of pa rtners| Taxation of profits| Income arising within Japan is in principle taxed| Taxed according to profits of joint-stock corporation and profits allocated to shareholders| Taxed according to profits of Godo Kaisha and profits allocated to participants| No taxation of partnerships themselves. Taxation of profits allocated to partners| (*1) Although establishment with capital of zero yen is theoretically possible, approval is granted ex post facto, and it is not in practice possible to incorporate a company without paying in capital. (*2) At least one representative must have an address in and be resident in Japan. (*3) One or more partner must be an individual who has an address in and is resident in Japan for more than 1 year, or a Japanese corporation. *4) See 1. 6. 1 Closure of branch offices. (*5) See 1. 6. 3 Dissolution and liquidation of limited liability partnerships. https://internationalbusiness. wikia. com/wiki/Japanese_Business_Meeting_Etiquette www. jetro. go. jp/en/i nvest/setting_up/laws/section1/ https://www. allbusiness. com/human-resources/employee-development-problem-solving/393248-1. html www. cognos. com/SPSS www. japanese123. com/ .† www. basis. ie/servlet/blobservlet/japan. pdf Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Corporation and Equity Participation" essay for you Create order

Domestic Violence And Child Protection Essay - 1599 Words

The 2013 Family Court Reforms have attracted much attention within the New Zealand legal fraternity, as well as society in general. The changes occurred against a background of economic austerity, which has seen the government implement cost-cutting measures across the policy spectrum in order to bolster the dire economic conditions of the day. Whilst this policy direction was necessary in the broad sense, its application to family law raises serious questions of justice, family law policy and individual rights. This essay will analyse the potential effects of the Family Court Reforms on the functionality of the Family Court. Analysis will principally focus on two areas of family law which are perhaps the most in need of legalistic protection: domestic violence and child protection matters. Before analysing the reforms as implemented, it is necessary to first discuss what exactly has changed with respect to the subject of analysis. The broad procedural change which underlies domestic violence and child protection matters is the newly-implemented ‘two tracks’. This relates to the provisions under the heading â€Å"Family dispute resolution† of the Care of Children Act 2004 [COCA]. More specifically, section 46E proposes that family dispute resolution [FDR] is a mandatory procedure in respect of guardianship disputes, and parenting orders. This requirement is subject to section 46E(4), which sets out the circumstances in which a FDR form is not required. Such resolutionShow MoreRelatedDomestic Violence On Women : Implications For Child Protection Essay1142 Words   |  5 PagesDomestic Violence on Women: Implications for Child Protection Introduction Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) is a worldwide social problem whose perpetrators include men as well as women (Anderson, 2002; Archer, 2000, 2002; Brown, 2004; Capaldi, Kim, Shortt, 2007; Capaldi Owen, 2001; Hamberger Potente, 1994; Straus Gelles, 1986, as cited in Ali Naylor, 2013). For the purpose of this essay, I will discuss IPV faced by women and perpetuated by men, referring to it as domestic violence (DV)Read MoreChild Protection Service 1393 Words   |  6 PagesDomestic violence is a major problem that we are facing in our society; statistics estimate that each year in the â€Å"Untied States 5.3 million women and 3.2 million men are abused by [there] domestic partners† (Black, Dempsey, Davis 2010, 900). 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Domestic violence is a relationship between intimate partners in which one individual seeks to assert power and control over the other and cause fear or intimidation and doesn’t have to be physical abuse, it can be emotional, psychological, financial, sexual or other types of abuse

Diamonds and Water free essay sample

Imagine: a young man fresh out of college paces back and forth in the locker room, reliving over and over again the conversation he just had with his coach. â€Å"Son, make me proud,† the old man said with a gleam in his eye, patting the young kid on the back. It would be the first game he ever participated in for the major leagues. This wasn’t an amateur high school team anymore. No, this was when it got serious. This was when everyone would have their eyes glued on him, anxiously anticipating his moment of greatness. The rookie took a deep breath, made the sign of the cross over his chest, and entered the stadium. All was silent as he delicately made his way to home plate. Children ceased their incessant cries for hot dogs and cracker jacks and not even a peanut dared be crunched at such a telling instant. The baseball was hurled at ninety miles per hour right towards the player’s chest, but he reacted quickly and slammed the flying saucer away in the opposite direction, simultaneously destroying the narrow wooden bat. The ball sky-rocketed across the entire field, landing squarely in the hand of a very happy fan on the far side of the stadium. The stands came to life again as the multitude of observers jumped up out of their seats, cheering uncontrollably for the novice who had just single-handedly sent their team to the play-offs. Meanwhile, a woman arrives in her classroom at the local elementary school early in the morning, before the sun has fully risen. The small room is cramped with tall bookshelves and a sea of messy desks, each littered with mountains of forgotten homework and last week’s leftovers from lunch. The walls are covered from floor to ceiling with posters on every subject imaginable, from George Washington and the Founding Fathers to the rain cycle and rules for long-division. She has been following the same curriculum for twenty-five years now, only with a different set of thirty students each year. Each day consists of instructing the young children in spelling, reading, writing, math, social studies, and science, not to mention playground duty, bus duty, faculty meetings, lesson planning, and parent conferences. Besides the many roles that her job description entails, the teacher must also deal with child discipline, the development of more efficient teaching methods, and making su re that each student’s individual needs are taken into consideration. Despite her long day, the woman finally leaves for home late in the afternoon, comforted by the thought that perhaps she made a difference in someone’s life that day. Now let me ask you a question. Which of these people do you suspect earns a higher salary? Is it the young man fresh at the start of his career as a professional baseball player or is it the middle-aged teacher who has been performing the same vocation for over two decades? The answer to this question is the professional athlete. This answer may not surprise you all that much, but it should at least raise your awareness of the value Americans place on entertainment over education and how flawed our current criteria is for setting fair salary policies among the many different employment opportunities available to the workforce. This large discrepancy that exists between the quality of work performed and the amount of money earned raises the extremely important question of what constitutes a fair salary. The professional baseball player mentioned earlier represents a very important part of the American culture. Millions of people attend sporting events across the country each day, whether it be baseball, football, basketball, or any other similar sport. Going to these events offers a rare opportunity to sit back, eat a bag of popcorn, and enjoy a stress-free game in the company of family, friends, or coworkers. Sure, it’s a great feeling when your favorite player hits a home run or scores a touchdown, but do these physical feats really justify such a large salary? Tiger Woods has ranked as the top earning professional athlete for the last five consecutive years. His average salary and winnings amount to a staggering $22,902,706. Including endorsements he receives, his total yearly earnings increase to $127,902,706. Continuing on this path, Woods is set to become the first billion-dollar athlete within the next two years, and he is only 32 years old (Freedman). Compare this wi th the average ending salary for a teacher who has worked for 25 years, which is only $67,000—less than half of what the average basketball player makes in one game (Egger). Even though the world of sports may contribute greatly to the entertainment world and to American culture, it does not provide any vital service to society. Unlike teachers, police officers, and firefighters, athletes are not a necessary component of our everyday lives. It is the people who are willing to perform the arduous jobs that may not be as glamorous, but are extremely crucial to society, who really deserve the higher pay. Teachers play a major role in the advancement of society, and they are the people at the center of America’s ability to dominate in the global sphere. It is teachers who bestow knowledge among students starting at a very early age. These students grow up to become the nation’s most prominent leaders in business, government, and medicine. America would not receive the benefits of these highly skilled, intelligent individuals if it was not for the teachers’ hard work, determination, and dedication. Rhena Jasey, who is an active member of the Teacher Salary Project, a program which hopes to raise the salary and perceptions of the teaching profession, notes that â€Å"the skill set required to be a teacher is at least as complex, if not more complex† than that of lawyers or doctors (Egger). If teachers are the ones who educate our future doctors and lawyers, they should at least be paid on a similar level. If not for teachers, America would lack its collection of superior employees across all spectrums of the workforce. The problem is, this may become a reality quicker than may be expected. Neal Conan of the National Public Radio conducted a survey in 2007 and found that half of all teachers quit teaching within their first five years on the job and of those that continued teaching, 62% had to get a second job just to make ends meet. When Conan interviewed Rhena Jasey on the subject, she stated that â€Å"salary absolutely impacts the strain and drain of the job.† These findings are quite disturbing, because data from a survey conducted in 1992 by the United States Department of Commerce shows that individuals can, on average, earn $50,000 more per year if they attend college than if they don’t. With more teachers quitting their profession and others being discouraged from entering the profession in the first place, students will not benefit from the effects of having qu ality teachers from which to learn. If teachers are not given an incentive to do their job, they will either lose the desire to teach to their fullest ability or choose not to teach at all. Without hardworking, dedicated teachers, our students will suffer, and thus, our advancement as a society will dwindle. The controversy over fair salaries is commonly referred to as the â€Å"diamond-water paradox.† Water is crucial for human survival; however, it is considered far less worthy than a diamond, which really has no important significance. The reason for this is because water is much more abundant than diamonds (Anderson). Like water, teachers are much more common than very skilled professional athletes. Granted, there are maybe two people who can do what Michael Jordan can do with a basketball; however, even though teachers are more abundant than athletes does not mean they are less important. Teachers provide the foundation for America’s entire workforce. Recently, the sports industry has tried to tackle the problem of excessive salaries by initiating salary caps, but even these attempts bore little help to alleviate the situation. In his novel Tailgating, Sacks, and Salary Caps: How the NFL Became the Most Successful Sports League in History, Mark Yost commented that â⠂¬Å"teams routinely find creative ways to stretch the salary cap† and even with salary caps, NFL teams were still able to spend nearly $100 million on its team members. And by attending sporting events, the American people are only increasing the amount paid to athletes, who are paid directly in conjunction with how much revenue the team makes—revenue which largely comes from fans (Yost). The debate over the definition of a fair salary is one with no clear answer. The gap between the salaries of teachers and professional athletes has continued to grow over the last two decades, indicating that Americans may have their priorities wrong (Yost). If education is truly a more valued commodity than entertainment, the salaries of teachers and professional athletes would be reversed. The fact that they are not shows that many Americans regard special talents at a higher level than extensive knowledge. A fair salary means ranking the earnings of individuals based on how they ben efit and improve society, not by impressive skills that, although entertaining, do not aid society’s overall advancement for the future. By giving intellectuals an incentive to teach, such as a higher salary, society will foster a rejuvenated, performance-focused profession that will beckon much needed hard-working and passionate students. Works Cited Anderson, William. â€Å"The Diamond-Water Paradox.† The Freeman. 20 March 2011. Web. 18 Oct. 2011 â€Å"Dave Egger Says Teachers Should Make More.† Narr. Neal Conan. Natl. Public Radio. WNYC, New York, 29 Sept. 2011. Transcript. NPR. Web. 18 Oct. 2011 Freedman, Jonah. â€Å"The 50 Highest-Earning American Athletes.† Sports Illustrated 2008. Web. 18 Oct. 2011 United States. United States Department of Commerce Economics and Statistics Administration. Statistical Brief: More Education Means Higher Career Earnings. Washington: Aug. 2004 Yost, Mark. Tailgating, Sacks, and Salary Caps: How the NFL Became the Most Successful Sports League In History. Chicago, Oct. 2006. Access World News. Web. 17 Oct. 2011

Accounting Sustainability and Reporting.

Question: Discuss about the Accounting Sustainability and Reporting. Answer: Introduction Sustainability refers to striking out a balance between present needs and the future needs and accordingly making out a decision for consumption of the resources. In the context of development or consumption of resources, the sustainability means consuming resources responsibly by taking the future needs into consideration (Schaltegger, Bennett, Burritt, 2006). The business organizations consume scarce environmental resource, few of which are difficult to be restored. Therefore, these organizations should assume a sense of responsibility to use the scarce environmental resources in an effective and efficient manner. The regulators around the world are now being actively engaged in framing the rules and regulations to achieve sustainability in the developments. Major steps at the global level are being taken to enhance the sustainable business developments. In this regard, one of the major steps taken by the regulators is compelling the business organizations to adopt sustainability accounting and reporting practices (Schaltegger, Bennett, Burritt, 2006). Sustainability accounting and reporting practices are directed to report the steps taken by the companies towards sustainability issues. The companies have been mandated by the government regulations to contribute towards the environment and society for promoting sustainability (Brockett Rezaee, 2012). The concept of corporate social responsibility emerged which requires the companies to contribute towards the development of society and the environment. The sustainability accounting is a broad concept that provide for aligning the sustainability initiatives with the organizational strategies. Sustainability accounting not only involves reporting on the sustainability initiatives, but it also involves evaluation of the risks and threats to the environment and measurement of the companys performance from environmental perspective. The issues of sustainability are being considered at the international level requiring the firms to adopt these practices. The adoption of sustainable busin ess practices is considered beneficial not for a firm only but for the overall economic environment at the global level (Brockett Rezaee, 2012). The report presented here is aimed at exploring the significance of sustainability accounting and reporting practices in the overall economic development of a country. In order to achieve this aim, the report will address the following objectives: Examining the needs of sustainability accounting and reporting practices for the corporations and overall economy. Examining the value additions made to the corporations by the sustainability accounting and reporting practices (Brockett Rezaee, 2012). Exploring the impact of adoption of sustainability accounting and reporting practices on the overall economy of a country (Brockett Rezaee, 2012). This research report covers a comprehensive literature review to gather the views of existing literatures on sustainability accounting and reporting. Further, the report takes on data analysis on the subject matter of the research to find out actual impact on the corporations and economy. In this regard, the report precisely describes the methodology used to collect and analyze the data. Further, a discussion taking the view of existing literatures and the findings of the data analysis has been carried out followed by a concise conclusion being drawn. Literature Review The literature review section of the entire research report is very crucial. In this section, the researcher gets the knowledge of existing literatures on the subject matter of research, which is necessary to understand the foundation of the research (Jesson, 2011). Further, the review of literature also boosts up the confidence of the researcher by providing a strong foundation for data collection and analysis. The current research focuses on sustainability accounting and reporting, thus, the review of existing literatures focuses around this topic. In order to carry out the review of literatures appropriately, the entire subject matter has been bifurcated into different heads as discussed below. Reasons for Evolution of Sustainability Reporting and Accounting Practices According to Soderstrom (2013), traditionally, the accounting and reporting practices in the firms could be found to be focusing on communicating the financial information and operational data to the stakeholders. However, the process of accounting and reporting has undergone a severe change to include the reporting on the sustainability issues. Over the last two decades, a drastic change in the approaches of reporting to the stakeholders has been witnessed (Soderstrom, 2013). The government regulations made it compulsory for the corporations to report on the corporate sustainability in their annual reports. The origin of sustainability reporting can be traced in way back 1960s and 1970s; however, the popularity was very less. As per the survey conducted by one of the worlds largest accounting firms, Earns Young, only 1% of the 500 fortune companies were found to be reporting on the social and environmental sustainability in the mid 1970s in the United States (Soderstrom, 2013). According to Zu (2008), in the mid 1990s, triple bottom line reporting was introduced to promote sustainability (Zu, 2008). The triple bottom line model of reporting was primarily aimed at balancing the three crucial aspects of the business such as society, environment, and profitability. This model provided that the business should not only concentrate on the profits, but equal emphasis should also be given to the social and environmental aspects. Further, the triple bottom line reporting model also claims that the profitability of the company automatically increases when proper balance between the needs of shareholders, society, and the environment is maintained. This model greatly emphasized the role of society and environment in building the firms business and enhancing the firms value in the long run (Zu, 2008). Further, in the year 1997, the Global Reporting Initiative, a non-profit organization was founded, which provided for guidelines in regard to sustainability accounting and reporting by the firms (GRI, 2008). It was the increased need for sustainability that laid the establishment of Global Reporting Initiative in the last 1990s. According to Gupta Mason (2014), the Global Reporting Initiatives (GRI) provides reporting frameworks which assist the corporations in complying with the legal reporting requirements in regard to sustainability. Global Reporting Initiatives (GRI) has issued G3 guidelines which cover three core areas of sustainability such as economic, social, and environment. Gupta Mason (2014), further state that reporting under the G3 guidelines helps the corporations enhance transparency and goodwill in the market which ultimately affects the worth of the company positively (Gupta Mason, 2014). According to Daizy Das (2014), Sustainability reporting has become part of the strategic decision making in the firms. Both, management as well as other stakeholders such as shareholders, society, and the government are benefited in some or other way by the sustainability reporting practices. The primary reason for sustainability reporting is to ensure that the efforts made by the corporations towards sustainability are measured and communicated to the stakeholders (Daizy Das, 2014). Further, in the views of Daizy Das (2014), the companies can improve their operational efficiency and ensure growth in the shareholders value in the long run by implementing and maintaining the sustainability reporting practices. Thus, apart from being a regulatory requirement, the sustainability reporting is also crucial for the long term growth (Daizy Das, 2014). Further, sustainability reporting assists the management in analyzing the non financial factors and finding out impact of those factors on the firms profitability. In the present scenario, it has been really pertinent to measure and evaluate the impact of non financial factors such as society and environment on the financial performance of the firm (Daizy Das, 2014). It is compulsory for the firms to continually contribute towards the social and environmental sustainability and assess its impact on the firms financial performance. This assessment can be carried out with the help of structured data which is prepared through the sustainability accounting and reporting practices. Therefore, sustainability accounting and reporting plays a crucial role in analysis and decision making, whether it is being done by the management for internal purposes or by the shareholders (Daizy Das, 2014). Adoption of Sustainability Reporting and Accounting Practices by the Corporations The sustainability reporting has become part and parcel of financial reporting for most of the corporations in the 21st century (CPA, 2013). The adoption of sustainability reporting has been promoted not only because regulators made is obligatory, but more due to its enduring advantages. The sustainability reporting provides benefits to all type of companies and in particular the large corporations are benefited in the form of enhanced shareholders confidence, improved goodwill in the market, and improved operational efficiency. Further, there are many other indirect advantages of adopting the sustainability reporting practices, for example, savings in resource consumption, cost reduction, waste reduction, and improved relationship with regulatory bodies (CPA, 2013). As per Faisal, Tower, Rusmin (2012), about 250 companies from all over the world have adopted the corporate sustainability reporting practices and providing a separate report on the social and environmental initiatives (Faisal, Tower, Rusmin, 2012). The large corporations and particularly the companies listed on the stock exchanges are being more complaint in regard to sustainability reporting than the smaller companies. The authors further state that though the sustainability reporting is increasing at the global level, but it is still imbalanced. It is perceived that the adoption of sustainability reporting adds additional burden on the smaller firms and thus, it has not been made obligatory for them in most of the countries. However, the bigger firms (listed companies) are quite capable to bear that additional burden and also the fact that these firms consume the environmental and economic resources at the large scale and affect the bigger part of the society, leads to making th e adoption of sustainability reporting practices compulsory for them (Faisal, Tower, Rusmin, 2012). Though adoption of sustainability reporting practices is advantageous for the firms but at the same it is challenging also. According to Faisal, Tower, Rusmin (2012), the first key challenge in implanting the sustainability reporting effectively is identification of the needs of target audience. The sustainability reports are prepared to provide information on the approach followed by the company towards the social and environmental issues. The key challenge is to decide a standard format so that the information is communicated to the target audience in the best manner. However, challenges in this area are to some extent lessened by the guidelines provided by GRI. Further, the firms also struggle in measuring and evaluating the impact of its activities on the society and the environment precisely. It is quite a subjective matter to measure and evaluate the impact of firms activities on the social lives and the environment Faisal, Tower, Rusmin (2012). Despite these challenges, the firms are adopting the sustainability reporting practices all over the world. According to OECD (2008), 120 companies out of total 500 have adopted the sustainability reporting and these numbers are expected to increase further in future. However, the popularity of sustainability reporting is increasing rapidly in Australia, but comparing it at the global level, it seems that improvements are still needed (OECD, 2008). There is a need to make strong efforts by the regulators, government, and the corporations to make sustainability reporting widespread in the country. The regulator has to consider that making the sustainability reporting obligatory for only listed companies would not be enough. The small and medium sized firms should also be encouraged to come forward and adopt the best sustainability reporting practices (OECD, 2008). Changes at the Macro Economic Level after Adoption of Sustainability Reporting and Accounting Practices According to Vasile et al. (2016), the sustainability reporting fixes responsibility on the companies to make legitimate efforts towards development of society, environment, and the overall economy. There are various aspects which could be put into discussion to assess the impact of sustainability reporting on the economy. These aspects are improvement in living standards of the people, savings in the consumption of scarce natural resources, and improvement in firms long term profitability. Vasile et al. (2016), further state that development of the society and environment are the elements of economy development, thus, if the efforts are made to improve the society or the environment, the economy will automatically be affected positively (Vasile et al., 2016). According to Higgins (2013), the sustainability and economic development are interdependent on each other. The gross domestic product indicates economic growth. If a country chases high growth in the GDP, it would require increasing the production quantities at a large scale (Higgins, 2013). The increase in production of goods would entail consumption of resources at the large scale. The consumption of resources at a rapid pace is dangerous for the sustainability. Therefore, the need to strike out a balance between the desired economic growth and the consumption of resources in a sustainable manner is essential. Further states that balancing the current economic growth and the consumption of the resources is crucial for long run survival of the economy (Higgins, 2013). The reporting on sustainability issues has raised awareness in the business firms to save wastage of resources. The reduction in wastage of resources enhances the profitability of the firms which in turn increases the economic growth positively (Higgins, 2013). Further, as part of the sustainability efforts, the business firms are also contributing significantly for improving the societies. The contribution of the firms in this direction is critical to rise up the living standard of the people. Further, the improvement in the living standard is crucial for the overall economic growth. Thus, it could be said that the sustainability efforts made by the firms are essential for the overall improvement in the economic conditions of not only a country but at the global level (Higgins, 2013). In the views of Daly (2014), the economic development in the sustainable manner could be slow but it will be study and long last. The sustainability gives an impression that the resources are not to be used heedlessly (Daly, 2014). The firms are required to keep the needs of future in mind while consuming environmental resources. The consideration of future needs leads to consumption of the resources in a responsible manner which might lead to slow growth. However, the growth may be slow but it would be study. Consuming resources in this manner, the firm will be able to sustain its business for longer term which would ultimately affect its value positively (Daly, 2014). Summary The views of authors on sustainability accounting and reporting have been analyzed in this section. The literatures were reviewed with the objective of finding out the impact of sustainability accounting and reporting practices on the overall economic development of a country. In this regard, many authors provided their views on the reasons for evolution of the sustainability accounting and reporting practices. Some of the authors stated that it has become a mandatory requirement and few of them stated that sustainability accounting and reporting practices affects the value of the firm positively in the long run. Further, review of literatures reveal that though the adoption of sustainability reporting benefits the firm but it is quite a challenging task. However, the implantation of sustainability reporting could be vital for the overall economic development sustainability. Methodology A systematic approach is adopted in conducting a research which involves application of appropriate methodology to collect the required data and apply the data analysis tools. The tools and techniques applied in the research for data collection could be scientific requiring application of principles of statics (Olsen, 2011). The selection of appropriate data collection methods and the analytical tools is critical for completing the research in an effective manner. There are two main categories of data collection methods such as primary and secondary. The primary data collection methods comprises of the methods such as survey and interview. Further, the secondary data collection methods comprises of the methods such as review of the documents and observations (Olsen, 2011). It has been observed that the secondary data collection methods are suited the best in the case of qualitative researches. The research carried out in this report aims at exploring the impact of accounting sustainability and reporting practices on the overall economic development (Lapan, Quartaroli, Riemer, 2011). The research is qualitative in nature, thus, the secondary data collection methods have been applied. For the purpose of this research, the data has been collected through study of books, journal, reports of regulatory authorities and the government. In this regard, it has been ensured that the data collected is latest; therefore, the books, journals, and the reports of the regulatory authorities of the latest years have been referred for data collection (Lapan, Quartaroli, Riemer, 2011). The data collection was organized in three categories such as reasons for adoption of sustainability accounting and reporting by the firms, impact on the firms value of sustainability reporting, and its impact on the overall economy (Lapan, Quartaroli, Riemer, 2011). The data collected in regard to reasons for adoption of sustainability reporting practices relates to identification of the key drivers of sustainability. Further, the data collected in regard to impact on the firms value covers the profitability and net worth of the firms before and after the adoption of sustainability reporting. Further, in regard to evaluation of impact on the overall economy, the data relates to macro economic factors such as gross domestic product, standard of living, poverty levels, and reductions in the carbon emissions (Lapan, Quartaroli, Riemer, 2011). The data collection process has been carried out ethically and in an effective manner so that all the required information could be gathered. There certain limitations of the secondary data, which are required to be made explicit so as to assist the readers in drawing conclusions (Ary et al., 2013). The secondary data is prone to the risk of inappropriateness and there exists lack of control on preparation of the secondary data. Thus, effectiveness of the research carried out based on the secondary data depends upon the accuracy of the data. Further, the ethical concerns in regard to the use of secondary have been adhered to carefully. Proper referencing and citations have been given in the report wherever considered necessary to give credit to the authors whose data is used (Ary et al., 2013). Data Analysis and Findings The research report presented here has main goal of finding out the impact of sustainability reporting on the economy of a country. In order to achieve this goal, it has been considered pertinent to find out the reasons for adoption of the sustainability reporting practices. The sustainability reporting provides value addition to the firm in various ways .There are countless parameters which can be used to assess the value added by sustainability reporting as shown in the figure given below: Figure 1: Value Added by Sustainability Reporting (EY, 2013) From the figure show above, it could be observed that there are various areas which are positively affected by adoption of sustainability reporting practices. It could be observed that more than 40% of the total surveyed companies consider that improved reputation is the major factor which drives the adoption of sustainability reporting practices (EY, 2013). The adoption of sustainability reporting practices enhances the confidence of investors and consumers which helps in building reputation in the market. Further, there were more than 35% companies which claimed that sustainability reporting is crucial in increasing the employee loyalty. Employees loyalty is very important for the firms to achieve the targets on time and succeed in the market. Further, few companies also found increase in the consumer loyalty due to adoption of the sustainability reporting (EY, 2013). Further, the sustainability reporting also helped the firms to make their strategies stronger in terms of long run business and refine their visions. Further, there were observed around 25% companies which claimed that achieving reduction in wastage of the natural resources was one of the primary reasons for promotion of sustainability reporting (EY, 2013). The other commonly accepted factors which laid the adoption of sustainability reporting were improved relationship with the regulatory bodies, reduced long term risk, enhanced long term profitability (EY, 2013). Due the above discussed factors, the sustainability reporting has been adopted by various firms world-wide. The following chart shows the growth in sustainability reporting adoption from to year 2000 to 2011: Figure 2: Growth in Sustainability Reporting (EY, 2013) From the chart presented above, it could be observed that there has been a complete transformation since the year 2008. The increase in the number of companies adopting sustainability reporting practices has been enormous from the year 2008 to 2011. Within a period of 3-4 years, the number of companies complying with the sustainability reporting guidelines (issued by GRI) has increased to a significant level (EY, 2013). Further, data has been collected and analyzed to find out the impact of sustainability reporting on the firms profitability and its value. The firms perceive that consuming resources optimally keeping the future needs in mind will help them build better tomorrow. Further, the reduction in cost and risk and increase in reputation and quality are expected to lead the firm on the path of high profitability in the long run. The implementation of the sustainability accounting and reporting practices increases the legal compliances and it also put additional burden on the firm in terms of new manpower. Further, the benefits of sustainability reporting accrue over the years in the long run. Therefore, in the short run, the impact on profitability of the firm employing sustainability reporting practices may be adverse, but it would be positive in the long run. The data analysis conducted NWOBU (2015) reveals that there exists a positive correlation between the profit after tax and sustainability reporting index. The profit after tax depicts profitability of the company while the score on sustainability index indicates the compliance level of the firm with sustainability reporting requirements. Thus, a positive correlation between profit after tax and sustainability index is the indicative of the fact that with the increased compliance of sustainability reporting, the firms experience increase in their profitability. The research of NWOBU (2015) reveals that correlation between profit after tax and the sustainability index is 0.281, which is low positive correlation. The correlation of 0.281 implies that increase in sustainability index would entail increase in the profit after tax, but the increase in profitability might at the low rate (NWOBU, 2015). Further, the correlation between shareholders fund and sustainability index was also analyzed. The correlation between these two factors was found to be 0.183, which can again be categorized as positive and low (NWOBU, 2015). Thus, the interpretation would remain as it was before in case of profit after tax. Therefore, the increase in sustainability index would entail increase in the shareholders fund. It is to be noted that the shareholders fund represents the value of a firm. Thus, it could be articulated that with the increase in sustainability index, the value of the firm increases. However, the increase might be at very slow rate (NWOBU, 2015). After analyzing the impact of sustainability reporting on the firms profitability and its value, it is essential to observe the changes in the macro economic factors due to adoption of sustainability reporting practices (Talberth, 2010). In this regard, it is considered crucial to analyze the gross domestic product, standards living of the people, and poverty level. It is argued that sustainable business practices may cause reduction in the overall gross domestic product of the country. The reduction in GDP may be caused due to reduction the production level caused by decrease in the consumption of the environmental resources. For example, if the mining companies decrease the exploration of minerals, the production level of commodities will go down affecting the gross domestic product adversely. However, due to recent shift in the economic and environmental conditions, the gross domestic product is no longer considered to be reliable measure of well being of an economy. The performan ce on sustainability indices is taking place of gross domestic product now a day (Talberth, 2010). Further, the improvement in the sustainability practices also implies contribution to the society at a large scale. The firms working in the economy make combined efforts to raise the living standard of the people. Further, with the rise in the living standard of the people, the poverty level automatically goes down. Therefore, it could be inferred that the improvements in the sustainability reporting enable the economy to stabilize and grow in a sustainable manner (Talberth, 2010). Discussion The research carried out in this report addresses the crucial matter which relates to adoption of sustainability accounting and reporting practices by the firms operating in the economy. The aim of this research is to explore that whether the sustainability accounting and reporting is essential for the economy or not. In order to achieve the aim, the activities of the research are bounded by three objectives. The literature review has been carried out around these three objectives and the data analysis has also been conducted by keeping the three identified objectives in the centerfield. The articulation of the reviews of various authors reveals that promotion of sustainability accounting and reporting is really important for the well being of the overall economy (Daly, 2014). The authors state that there are various factors which make the firms to adopt the sustainability reporting. The improvement in the market reputation of the firm is one of the most crucial factors in that regard. The views of the authors reveal that firms reputation is improved to a great extent when it complies with the sustainability reporting guidelines. Further, the data analysis also supports this view of the authors. The analysis of data findings reveals that most of the companies consider the market reputation as one of the essential factor in adoption of the sustainability reporting practices (EY, 2013). Further, there have been identified few other factors as well such as customer loyalty, operational efficiency, and regulatory compliances. These factors also make the firm to comply with the sustainability accounting and reporting practices. In regard to the impact on firms financial performance, the authors state that the adoption of the sustainability reporting affects it positively in the long run. However, in the short run there may be adverse effect due to high compliance cost at the beginning. Further, the findings of the data analysis also support this view of the authors. The data analysis depicts that the sustainability reporting and the firms financial performance are positively correlated. This implies that the financial performance of the firms which comply with the sustainability reporting practices is found to be better than the firms not complying with it. Further, it has also been explored that the firms value (shareholders equity) is also affected positively by the adoption of sustainability reporting practices (EY, 2013). In regard to impact on the overall economy, the authors have stated that sustainability accounting and reporting is necessary to achieve economic development in a sustainable manner (Higgins, 2013). Further, the data gathered from the secondary sources also supports this view of the authors. The findings of the data analysis reveal that adoption of sustainability in the operations leads to contribution by the firms towards social and environmental causes. The firms contribute at the large scale to save the scarce environmental resources and to raise the living standard of the people. Further, the protection of the natural resources is very critical from the view point of sustainability. Conclusion The report presented here presents a research study on the sustainability accounting and reporting. The primary aim of the research is to explore the impact of sustainability accounting and reporting on the overall economy of a country. In this regard, it has been considered essential to find out the impact of sustainability reporting on a particular company and then on the overall economy. Based on the findings of the report, it can be concluded that the sustainability reporting is essential for the long term economic development. The articulations drawn from the literature review bring out the fact that sustainability reporting has become crucial for the firms to survive and thrive in the market. The recent developments in the areas of social and environmental sustainability are admirable. The regulators from all over the world are making collective efforts to make the business sustainable and futuristic. The survey report of EY discloses that there has been observed a significant increase in the number of firms adopting the sustainability reporting practices since the year 2008. From the findings of data analysis, it could be articulated that the increased awareness and the enduring advantages of sustainability is pushing the firms to opt for the best sustainability accounting and reporting practices. The major advantages of sustainability reporting have been identified as the improvements in the firms reputation, enhancement in the investors confidence, employees loyalty, and consumers trust. Further, the company is also able build a good rapport with the governmental regulatory authorities. However, there certain challenges which the firms have to while implementing the sustainability accounting and reporting practices. Among various such challenges, the high operating cost and administrative problems are the major ones. Though, there are challenges, but the benefits of sustainability accounting and reporting are enduring, therefore, the firms have to make effort to implement it. Further, it was observed that sustainability reporting is also essential to raise the standard of living of the society and the maintaining a proper balance between the present and future needs. From the findings of the research, it could be inferred that maintaining a proper balance is crucial for long term economic developments. The sustainability in operations not only improves the financial performance of the firm but it also enhances its value. Further, the overall economy is affected in a positive manner which is the center point of the sustainability accounting and reporting. References Schaltegger, S., Bennett, M., Burritt, R. 2006. Sustainability Accounting and Reporting. Springer Science Business Media. Brockett, A. Rezaee, Z. 2012. Corporate Sustainability: Integrating Performance and Reporting. John Wiley Sons. Jesson, J. 2011. Doing Your Literature Review: Traditional and Systematic Techniques. London: SAGE. Soderstrom, N. 2013. Sustainability reporting: past, present, and trends for the future. Retrieved February 07, 2017, from https://www.insights.unimelb.edu.au/vol13/04_Soderstrom.html Zu, L. 2008. Corporate Social Responsibility, Corporate Restructuring and Firm's Performance: Empirical Evidence from Chinese Enterprises. Springer Science Business Media. GRI. 2008. Global Reporting Initiative Sustainability Report. Retrieved February 07, 2017, from https://www.globalreporting.org/resourcelibrary/GRI-Sustainability-Report-2007-2008.pdf Gupta, A. Mason, M. 2014. Transparency in Global Environmental Governance: Critical Perspectives. MIT Press. Daizy Das, N. 2014. Sustainability reporting framework: comparative analysis of global reporting initiatives and Dow Jones sustainability index. International Journal of Science, Environment, 3(1), pp. 55-66. Faisal, F., Tower, G., Rusmin, R. 2012. Legitimizing Corporate Sustainability Reporting Throughout the World. Australasian Accounting, Business and Finance Journal, 6(2), pp. 19-34. CPA. 2013. Sustainability Reporting: Practices, Performance, and Potential. Retrieved February 08, 2017, from https://www.cpaaustralia.com.au/~/media/corporate/allfiles/document/professional-resources/sustainability/sustainability-reporting-practice-performance-potential.pdf OECD. 2008. OECD Environmental Performance Reviews OECD Environmental Performance Reviews: Australia 2007. OECD Publishing. Vasile, J., Andrei, Nicolo, Domenico. 2016. Sustainable Entrepreneurship and Investments in the Green Economy. IGI Global. Higgins, K.L. 2013. Economic growth and sustainability are they mutually exclusive? Retrieved February 08, 2017, from https://www.elsevier.com/connect/economic-growth-and-sustainability-are-they-mutually-exclusive Daly, H.E. 2014. Beyond Growth: The Economics of Sustainable Development. Beacon Press. Olsen, W. 2011. Data collection: key debates and methods in social research. SAGE. Ary, D., Jacobs, L.C., Sorensen, C.K., and Walker, D. 2013. Introduction to research in education. Cengage Learning. Lapan, S.D., Quartaroli, M.T. Riemer, F.J. 2011. Qualitative Research: An Introduction to Methods and Designs. John Wiley Sons. 2013. Value of Sustainability reporting. Retrieved February 08, 2017, from https://www.ey.com/Publication/vwLUAssets/EY_-Value_of_sustainability_reporting/%24FILE/EY-Value-of-Sustainability-Reporting.pdf NWOBU, O. 2015. The Relationship between Corporate Sustainability Reporting and Profitability and Shareholders Fund in Nigerian Banks. The Journal of Accounting and Management, 5(3). Talberth, J. 2010. Measuring What Matters: GDP, Ecosystems and the Environment. Retrieved February 08, 2017, from https://www.wri.org/blog/2010/04/measuring-what-matters-gdp-ecosystems-and-environment

Individual Policy Manual

Free Essays on Use Of Image And Metaphor In Developing

In choral music your are experiencing different styles, sounds and techniques in learning how to sing songs correctly and with expression. But in order to create these methods the choir need to know how to make the music come alive. Choir directors from around the world has all agree by using images and metaphors can help develop a healthy, tense-free choral sound. â€Å"Since singing involves the mind’s ability to re-imagine and replay pitch, rhythm, tone, word, and emotion, the power of mental imagery in singing cannot be overstated.† MEJ pg.43. By the use of image and metaphor it can make or bring the singer to express and sing a song clearly and more affectively. A man by the name of William Vernard created method using image and metaphor in the choir class called â€Å"good singing pyramid† in his book, â€Å"Singing The Mechanism and the Technic.† There are four categories of technical training: posture, breathing, phonation/attack, and resonance. With having good posture you are creating a position with the body to allow the air-path open in the throat and the sound strong and clear. One metaphor is having the choir stand like they are ten feet tall with their chest elevated up and shoulders down and the head slightly lifted up. Breathing is one of the main keys of singing correctly. First thing about breathing for a singer is that you are not using your chest but your abdominal muscles by activating the diaphragm. Have the singers to imagine placing balloons in the stomach. By making their lips as if drinking a thick milkshake, have them inhale slowly as if through a straw, filling their internal balloons fully and deeply. Once you get the posture and breathing support together it is time to make a sound. By having the singers to inhale a lot of air, have them to place their hands on the abdomens and with control slowly exhale while making a spooky, ghostly sigh of â€Å"ah†. This show and have them to feel the muscles contrac... Free Essays on Use Of Image And Metaphor In Developing Free Essays on Use Of Image And Metaphor In Developing In choral music your are experiencing different styles, sounds and techniques in learning how to sing songs correctly and with expression. But in order to create these methods the choir need to know how to make the music come alive. Choir directors from around the world has all agree by using images and metaphors can help develop a healthy, tense-free choral sound. â€Å"Since singing involves the mind’s ability to re-imagine and replay pitch, rhythm, tone, word, and emotion, the power of mental imagery in singing cannot be overstated.† MEJ pg.43. By the use of image and metaphor it can make or bring the singer to express and sing a song clearly and more affectively. A man by the name of William Vernard created method using image and metaphor in the choir class called â€Å"good singing pyramid† in his book, â€Å"Singing The Mechanism and the Technic.† There are four categories of technical training: posture, breathing, phonation/attack, and resonance. With having good posture you are creating a position with the body to allow the air-path open in the throat and the sound strong and clear. One metaphor is having the choir stand like they are ten feet tall with their chest elevated up and shoulders down and the head slightly lifted up. Breathing is one of the main keys of singing correctly. First thing about breathing for a singer is that you are not using your chest but your abdominal muscles by activating the diaphragm. Have the singers to imagine placing balloons in the stomach. By making their lips as if drinking a thick milkshake, have them inhale slowly as if through a straw, filling their internal balloons fully and deeply. Once you get the posture and breathing support together it is time to make a sound. By having the singers to inhale a lot of air, have them to place their hands on the abdomens and with control slowly exhale while making a spooky, ghostly sigh of â€Å"ah†. This show and have them to feel the muscles contrac...

Fastwrite Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Fastwrite - Essay Example Similarly, Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglas is the memoir of the orator and writer. Even Douglas was a slave and also talks about his experiences as a slave. He was one of the influential persons who propelled the Abolitionist Movement, especially through his writings. Authors like Zora Neale Hurston and Harriet Jacobs, have all written on the sheer cruelty and atrocities of slavery and racism prevalent then. The very fact that the colour of their skin determined their existence and lives has been put forth in a very authentic and touching manner. Toni Morrison has influenced African American Literature to a great extent. She was a teacher, before she began writing. She, like the other writers of this genre, emphasized on the realities associated with slavery. She also looked into aspects like cultural identity. However, she also wrote from the Black Woman’s point of view and spoke at length about racism, gender issues and the cultural block. One of the most unique features of Toni Morrison’s writings, is the fact that she clubs myths and realities and presents it in a manner that conveys the depth of meaning, rather than just presenting

Discussion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 129

Discussion - Essay Example First, Agile is found to be simpler and easier to follow. The phases of envision, speculate, explore, adapt and close flow better in a management process. This is different in the triangle where interconnection of tasks may result in complexities. Secondly, the triangle represents a correlation between time, cost and output as opposed to the Agile Framework which is more of a process-based framework. As opposed to the Waterfall framework, Agile defines the requirements throughout the project and hence the framework is more flexible. This means that it allows change in strategy as the project continues. Further, return on investment and avoidance of risk can be continuously monitored in the Agile Framework allowing easier control of the results. Although the Waterfall Triangle deals directly with the costs and outcomes from the beginning, it is not flexible to change. Agile Framework can be easily used in individual projects. This is because it is easy to use and follow. In addition, the constant feedback from the framework helps n making changes and controlling the outcome from within. The ease of use saves time and allow the project managers to manage

Sustainable Practise journals Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Sustainable Practise journals - Assignment Example In the context of value, the journal has provided five major efforts that have a major influence on individuals shaping their sustainable position. In this regard, the five major attributes include the historical chronology, taxonomy of sustainable developmental goals, the earth charter, millennium declaration, and continuous transitional scenario of the global environment. These efforts are the core factors in terms of setting trends towards sustainable development of values, attitudes and behavioral traits of each human being across the overall natural ecosystem (Leiserowitz et al., 2004). According to my understanding, I would like to mention that historical chronology along with different transitional stages is the core factors shaping attitude and behavioral skills of individuals. I believe that the changes in developmental goals are often influenced by different chronological facts. Moreover, I think that the severe changes in development of a global economy along with socio-cu ltural aspects also have a major influence on building effective behavioral skills and attitude for long term sustainability. In relation to the present day context, different scholars have provided numerous definitions and have described the impact of major factors that have a profound influence on shaping human attitude and behavioral skills over the various transition stages. In addition, the increasing pace of globalization along with the unabated fluctuation of the socioeconomic and political trends also has a similar impact towards changing the attitude and behavioral skills of the individuals (Rogerson et al., n.d.). With respect to the view of the scholars, I conjure that changing cultural aspects in terms of conserving continuous development in the living standards along with the unabated external forces are few of the key driving forces behind the major changes in the individuals’ attitude and

Future Energy Crisis

Future Energy Crisis Future Energy Crisis Introduction Nowadays, energy has been depicted as a basic need in the human life. For example, to type this paper I need electrical energy for computer, lighting, air conditioner, etc. from this example, its clear that we need so much energy for doing something that is simple like typing. From paragraph above we can see that humans need much energy for doing their activity even its only one activity. If we look closer into this activity, we need more than just one kind of energy. This means, we need tremendous amount of energy to just do a simple thing like making report or paper, actually if there is no energy. Definition From those examples, we can define that energy is a scalar physical quantity that describes the amount of work that can be performed by a force, an attitude of objects and systems that is subject to a conversion law ­Ã‚ ­, it is required to do any kind of activity, and even just for reading this paper we need some amount of energy. In general energy is a really important part of our life. Forms of Energy Energy can be divided into many kinds, according to the criteria there is different forms of energy include kinetic, potential, thermal, gravitational, sound, light, elastic, and electromagnetic energy, there is still another type of energy that are indirectly shown in our lives for chemical energy Think about it, if one single daily activity we need so much energy, than we need more energy to do all of our activity in a single day. So, its obvious that the energy will soon depleted, considering that we use so much energy in one day, or even at only one hour. By looking at this fact, the world surely will face an energy crisis soon. Kind of energy sources There are several kinds of energy sources that scientist has divided energy into classified two categories by their renewability, which are not renewable energy source (hard energy technology) and renewable energy source (soft energy technology). Not renewable energy source are the source of energy that needs a very long time to regenerate, for example: crude oil, charcoal, and earth gas. Coal, for example, needs about more than million years to be available again, the process from the plants for fossilize, creating coal. Meanwhile renewable energy source are the source of energy that always be available with a huge amount and almost limitless, this energy source is either too many or very quickly to regenerate, for example: solar energy, wind, hydro, and biomass. For example, wind is a renewable energy, because wind will never depleted, no matter how much wind that you use, another example is solar energy, which we can use solar as an energy source. Not renewable energy source can be depleted since the rate of their utilization far exceeds the rate at which they are formed. This source of energy is the ones that we use in global scale because their energy is larger than the ones from renewable energy The renewable solar energy is subdivided into direct and indirect types. Sunlight that used directly can produce electricity, heat or derive a chemical reaction. It is used indirectly when it drives other processes, biological chemical or climatic mechanical, which in turn are used as the sources of energy. The energy sources can be classified in a number of ways based on the nature of their transaction, as commercial and noncommercial sources of energy. All energy resources, particularly the commercial ones, are natural. Coal, oil and nuclear sources constitute commercial sources, while firewood, biomass and animal dung constitute non-commercial sources. Also, the energy sources are classified based on animate and inanimate characteristics. Energy sources could also be classified as exhaustible/depletable or non-depletable/renewable resources. The distinguishing feature of an exhaustible resource is that, it gets exhausted when used as an input of a production process, and at the same time, its undisturbed role of growth is nil. That is if the temporal services provided by a given stock of an exhaustible resource are finite. Nowadays, people tend to use un-renewable energy, since it is much easier to process and easier to use. However, we cant keep this forever, because our energy need keep increasing from time to time, while the source of energy are slow to regenerate. The result will be quite fatal, as there will no more energy source available to be used, for instance, the oil reserves in the world would be depleted, it would be happen about 32 years from now if the use of oil on the constant rate. Energy crisis in very dangerous and must be prevented at all cost. It can create disaster; as the energy still needed by human; and declination of world economics and quality of life. For example if there is no more oil, then we cannot use transportations, and then business will be plummeted since goods can no longer be transported. Without electricity, we almost cannot operate anything that needs electricity, like example: computer, hand phone, and other things. Imagine todays world, without any electricity, then our live would be miserable because almost of the invention need electricity. To avoid this crisis, scientist is trying to develop technology which can be used to utilize the un-renewable energy. Although it is a little late, as the use of oil and another un-renewable energy reserve were depleted, there is a hope for this method to succeed. This breakthrough in renewable energy utilization is aiming at energy conservation. By using renewable energy instead of that, we can acquire unlimited amount source of energy, and without fearing that it may depleted. Lately the vital source of our energy, mainly oil and coal, are in danger. Unless we found such way using alternative energy to replace its function, we will face the energy shortage, our civilization would be crippled, and thats why we need to pay close attention of how we use a device with this kind of energy as its source. In nowadays we still use the energy, but the need of the energy isnt turning down but rather increasing, this is the causes of energy crisis in future, and also there are some problems like war or terrorist attack (i.e. oil field that got burned,), etc. Energy Crisis An energy crisis is any great bottleneck (or price rise) in the supply of energy resources to an economy. In popular literature though, it often refers to one of the energy sources used at a certain time and place, it has about to come for about 30 years later (if the rate use of energy is constant) then there would be peak oil or oil crisis age, about 40-50 years later there wouldnt be any more cheap energy or rather there wouldnt be any energy left for use. Historical Crises * 1970s Energy Crisis Cause: peaking of oil production in major industrial nations (Germany, U.S., Canada, etc.) and embargos from other producers * 1973 oil crisis Cause: an OPEC oil export embargo by many of the major Arab oil-producing states, in response to western support of Israel during the Yom Kippur War * 1979 oil crisis Cause: the Iranian revolution * 1990 spike in the price of oil Cause: the Gulf War * The 2000-2001 California electricity crisis Cause: failed deregulation, and business corruption. * The UK fuel protest of 2000 Cause: Raise in the price of crude oil combined with already relatively high taxation on road fuel in the UK. * North American natural gas crisis * Argentine energy crisis of 2004 * North Korea has had energy shortages for many years. * Zimbabwe has experienced a shortage of energy supplies for many years due to financial mismanagement. * Political riots occurring during the 2007 Burmese anti-government protests were sparked by rising energy prices. Energy shortages The crises that exist as of 2008 include: * Oil price increases since 2003 Caused by continued global increases in petroleum demand coupled with production stagnation, the falling value of the U.S. dollar, and a myriad of other secondary causes. * 2008 Central Asia energy crisis: caused by abnormally cold temperatures and low water levels in an area dependent on hydroelectric power. Despite having significant hydrocarbon reserves, in February 2008 the President of Pakistan announced plans to tackle energy shortages that were reaching crisis stage. At the same time the South African President was appeasing fears of a prolonged electricity crisis in South Africa. * South African electrical crisis: The South African crisis, which may last to 2012, lead to large price rises for platinum in February 2008 and reduced gold production. * China experienced severe energy shortages towards the end of 2005 and again in early 2008. During the latter crisis they suffered severe damage to power networks along with diesel and coal shortages. Supplies of electricity in Guangdong province, the manufacturing hub of China, are predicted to fall short by an estimated 10 GW. * It has been predicted that in the coming years after 2009 that the United Kingdom will suffer an energy crisis due to its commitments to reduce coal fired power stations, its politicians unwillingness to set up new nuclear power stations to replaces those that will be de-commissioned in a few years (even though they will not be running in time to stop a full blown crisis) and unreliable sources and sources that are running out of oil and gas. It is therefore predicted that the UK may have regular blackouts like South Africa. Energy management An electricity shortage is felt most by those who depend on electricity for their heating, cooking and water supply. In these circumstances a sustained energy crisis may become a humanitarian crisis. If an energy shortage is prolonged a crisis management phase is enforced by authorities. Energy audits may be conducted to monitor usage. Various curfews with the intention of increasing energy conservation may be initiated to reduce consumption. To conserve power during the Central Asia energy crisis, authorities in Tajikistan ordered bars and cafes to operate by candlelight. [9] Warnings issued that peak demand power supply might not be sustained. In the worst kind of energy crisis energy rationing and fuel rationing may be incurred. Panic buying may beset outlets as awareness of shortages spread. Facilities close down to save on heating oil; and factories cut production and lay off workers. The risk of stagflation increases. Alternative energy sources Definition Alternative energy is an umbrella term that refers to any source of usable energy intended to replace fuel sources without the undesired consequences of the replaced fuels There are several definitions of the Alternative Energy which are: * Oxford Dictionary energy fuelled in ways that do not use up natural resources or harm the environment. * Princeton WordNet energy derived from sources that do not use up natural resources or harm the environment. * Responding to Climate Change 2007 energy derived from nontraditional sources (e.g., compressed natural gas, solar, hydroelectric, wind). * Natural Resources Defense Council energy that is not popularly used and is usually environmentally sound, such as solar or wind energy (as opposed to fossil fuels). * Materials Management Services Fuel sources that are other than those derived from fossil fuels. Typically used interchangeably for renewable energy. Examples include: wind, solar, biomass, wave and tidal energy. * Torridge District Council Energy generated from alternatives to fossil fuel. Need not be renewable. The general Definition is an energy sources that can be used to replace un-renewable energy that are renewable but sometimes with side effect, sometimes alternative energy that wont create side effect are called Green energy. In response to the petroleum crisis, the principles of green energy and sustainable living movements gain popularity. This has led to increasing interest in alternate power/fuel research such as fuel cell technology, liquid nitrogen economy, hydrogen fuel, methanol, biodiesel, Karrick process, solar energy, geothermal energy, tidal energy, wave power, and wind energy, and fusion power. To date, only hydroelectricity and nuclear power have been significant alternatives to fossil fuel. Hydrogen gas is currently produced at a net energy loss from natural gas, which is also experiencing declining production in North America and elsewhere. When not produced from natural gas, hydrogen still needs another source of energy to create it, also at a loss during the process. This has led to hydrogen being regarded as a carrier of energy, like electricity, rather than a source. The unproven dehydrogenating process has also been suggested for the use water as an energy source. Efficiency mechanisms such as Negawatt power can encourage significantly more effective use of current generating capacity. It is a term used to describe the trading of increased efficiency, using consumption efficiency to increase available market supply rather than by increasing plant generation capacity. As such, it is a demand-side as opposed to a supply-side measure. Role of the Alternative Energy Alternative Energy are supposed to replace fuel but there are several effects as well, which are: * Alternative Energy help our environment by not producing harmful emissions (some of them) because they doesnt create any pollutant * It can be accessed anywhere on the planet with the right equipment * It will create thousands of job opportunities * It will save you a lot of budget (just for personal use) Consequences of using Alternative Energy Alternative Energy, which can replace un-renewable energy still have its own flaws, for example: some of them are theoretically flaw (it was impossible to do that or there still needed some research, etc.) or some of them are expensive, the energy source needs to be produced using high technology, the other reason is because the source only produce very small amount of energy that it doesnt enough to replace the fuel source Energy Saving Energy Consumption In some country there is daylight saving which is electricity saving in summer that the time in the some country are fast forwarded in some country, if the time is at 12:00 pm then the time in the clock is about 10-11:00 am. Some of the country doing some regulation to save the energy like regular blackout, use mass amount of solar panel, using recycled items, and use of wind energy (like in Dutch) Conclusion From the text above we can conclude that humans need to search for another energy sources (Alternative Energy).Its necessary because the energy will soon depleted, and without energy, there is nothing we can do. So if we start to search for alternate energy and do the energy saving then we can evade the worldwide energy crisis.

Bridgestone/Firestone, Inc Company Overview Essay -- essays papers

Bridgestone/Firestone Company Overview Bridgestone/Firestone, Inc., a subsidiary of Bridgestone Corporation, was formed in 1990 when Bridgestone U.S.A. merged with The Firestone Tire & Rubber Company. In addition to manufacturing tires, Bridgestone/Firestone produces a variety of products including air springs, building materials, synthetic and natural rubber, and industrial fibers and textiles. The Nashville, Tennessee-based company has over 38 QS9000/ISO9000 Certified production facilities throughout the Americas, along with numerous international facilities throughout the world. Firestone's company philosophy is derived from a blend of Japanese and Americans methods, with a focus on providing quality products. In the words of the former leaders of Bridgestone and Firestone, Bridgestone/Firestone strives to "Serve Society with Products of Superior Quality" and to be the "Best Today ? Still Better Tomorrow." Bridgestone/Firestone is best known for it's production of tires (more than 8,000 different types and sizes), which account for more than 75 percent of its annual revenues. As a leader in world tire technology, Firestone utilizes research and development centers in three countries and testing centers around the world to help develop, manufacture and market tires for almost every kind of vehicle. (Bridgestone/Firestone Profile) Strengths Bridgestone/Firestone finds much of its strength in having "one of the richest tire makers in the world as its parent" (Chappell, 09/11/00). Bridgestone Corporation has been around since 1931 and has established itself as a well-known international manufacturer of tires, rubber products, automotive products, chemical products, sporting goods, and other products (Bridgestone Annual Report, 1999). The resources and prestige of having Bridgestone as a parent gives Firestone an extra edge in the market. One of Firestone's biggest strengths is the fact that Firestone's passenger vehicle trade is not the critical part of Bridgestone Corp's world profit picture. Roughly 60% of Bridgestone's North American profits came from the sale of heavy-duty truck tires. Firestone has a 16% share of that market, and the Bridgestone brand holds another 6.5 percent share. Another strength for Firestone is its well-established brand name. According to an Automotive News reporter, the Firestone brand is "posi... ...ndsay. Automotive News, September 11, 2000 v75 i5893 p47. "Firestone's Non-Ford Customers Show Little Concern Over Recall." Chappell, Lindsay. Automotive News, September 25, 2000 v75 i5895 p8. "More Firestones for Honda Civic" "3 suppliers may sell tires for next Explorer." Automotive News, Sept 4, 2000 v75 i5892 p8. "The tire flap: behind the feeding frenzy." Business Week, October 16, 2000 i3703 p126. Firestone Tire Recall Legal Information Center, http://www.firestone-tire-recall.com Grimaldi, James V. and Caroline Mayer, Washington Post, "4 Former Firestone Workers Deposed," August 24, 2000, pE01. Hess, David. National Journal, September 16, 2000 v32 i38 p2896. "Firestone's Other Tire Debacle." "A Company Under Fire: Did Firestone do Enough to Protect Its Own Workers?," Newsweek, September 18, 2000 p30. "Ford, Fireston knew of tire problems for years." United Press International, September 29, 2000 p1008271u8435. "Testimony Indicates Abuse at Firestone," United Press International, August 14, 2000 p1008226u6557. Wilson, Amy. Automotive News, September 4, 2000 v75 i5892 p8. "Labor Unions Unrest Adds to Bridgestone/Firestone's Problems" Bridgestone/Firestone, Inc Company Overview Essay -- essays papers Bridgestone/Firestone Company Overview Bridgestone/Firestone, Inc., a subsidiary of Bridgestone Corporation, was formed in 1990 when Bridgestone U.S.A. merged with The Firestone Tire & Rubber Company. In addition to manufacturing tires, Bridgestone/Firestone produces a variety of products including air springs, building materials, synthetic and natural rubber, and industrial fibers and textiles. The Nashville, Tennessee-based company has over 38 QS9000/ISO9000 Certified production facilities throughout the Americas, along with numerous international facilities throughout the world. Firestone's company philosophy is derived from a blend of Japanese and Americans methods, with a focus on providing quality products. In the words of the former leaders of Bridgestone and Firestone, Bridgestone/Firestone strives to "Serve Society with Products of Superior Quality" and to be the "Best Today ? Still Better Tomorrow." Bridgestone/Firestone is best known for it's production of tires (more than 8,000 different types and sizes), which account for more than 75 percent of its annual revenues. As a leader in world tire technology, Firestone utilizes research and development centers in three countries and testing centers around the world to help develop, manufacture and market tires for almost every kind of vehicle. (Bridgestone/Firestone Profile) Strengths Bridgestone/Firestone finds much of its strength in having "one of the richest tire makers in the world as its parent" (Chappell, 09/11/00). Bridgestone Corporation has been around since 1931 and has established itself as a well-known international manufacturer of tires, rubber products, automotive products, chemical products, sporting goods, and other products (Bridgestone Annual Report, 1999). The resources and prestige of having Bridgestone as a parent gives Firestone an extra edge in the market. One of Firestone's biggest strengths is the fact that Firestone's passenger vehicle trade is not the critical part of Bridgestone Corp's world profit picture. Roughly 60% of Bridgestone's North American profits came from the sale of heavy-duty truck tires. Firestone has a 16% share of that market, and the Bridgestone brand holds another 6.5 percent share. Another strength for Firestone is its well-established brand name. According to an Automotive News reporter, the Firestone brand is "posi... ...ndsay. Automotive News, September 11, 2000 v75 i5893 p47. "Firestone's Non-Ford Customers Show Little Concern Over Recall." Chappell, Lindsay. Automotive News, September 25, 2000 v75 i5895 p8. "More Firestones for Honda Civic" "3 suppliers may sell tires for next Explorer." Automotive News, Sept 4, 2000 v75 i5892 p8. "The tire flap: behind the feeding frenzy." Business Week, October 16, 2000 i3703 p126. Firestone Tire Recall Legal Information Center, http://www.firestone-tire-recall.com Grimaldi, James V. and Caroline Mayer, Washington Post, "4 Former Firestone Workers Deposed," August 24, 2000, pE01. Hess, David. National Journal, September 16, 2000 v32 i38 p2896. "Firestone's Other Tire Debacle." "A Company Under Fire: Did Firestone do Enough to Protect Its Own Workers?," Newsweek, September 18, 2000 p30. "Ford, Fireston knew of tire problems for years." United Press International, September 29, 2000 p1008271u8435. "Testimony Indicates Abuse at Firestone," United Press International, August 14, 2000 p1008226u6557. Wilson, Amy. Automotive News, September 4, 2000 v75 i5892 p8. "Labor Unions Unrest Adds to Bridgestone/Firestone's Problems"

Dell Company Background Essay

DELL is a multinational information technology corporation based in Round Rock, Texas, United States, that develops, sells and supports computers and related products and services. Bearing the name of its founder, Michael Dell, the company is one of the largest technological corporations in the world, employing more than 96,000 people worldwide. Dell had 46,000 employees as of Jan. 30. About 22,200 of those, or 48.3 percent, were in the United States, while 23,800 people, or 51.7 percent, worked in other countries, according to a filing with the Securities and Exchange Commission.[citation needed] Dell is listed on the Fortune 500 (2010). Fortune also lists Dell as the most admired company in its industry. Dell has grown by both organic and inorganic means since its inception—notable mergers and acquisitions including Alienware (2006) and Perot Systems (2009). As of 2009, the company sold personal computers, servers, data storage devices, network switches, software, and computer peripherals. Dell also sells HDTVs, cameras, printers, MP3 players and other electronics built by other manufacturers. The company is well known for its innovations in supply chain management and electronic commerce. On May 3, 2010, Fortune Magazine listed Dell as the 38th largest company in the United States and the 5th largest company in Texas by total revenue. It is the 2nd largest non-oil company in Texas (behind AT&T) and the largest company in the Austin area. DELL SWOT Analysis Strength †¢ Customer oriented marketing strategies. †¢ Well-Known for online selling of Computers. †¢ Listed in the fortune 500 companies as the 25th largest company. †¢ Dell Company employs more than 76000 thousand people. †¢ Provide quality PCs, Laptops and computer peripherals at low price. †¢ Low manufacturing cost. †¢ Dell offer computers with AMD and Dell processor. †¢ Dell has nine of manufacturing plants. †¢ Offer wide range of PC, Server, Laptops, Monitors and LCDs, Data storage devices, network switches and software. †¢ Dell built computer on customer provided specifications. †¢ Dell always keen to embed latest technology in its products. †¢ It has a reliable support and service. †¢ The company website at least receives 25 million visits. †¢ Efficient Inventory management. †¢ Dell became the first company in the information technology industry to establish a product-recycling goal. Weaknesses †¢Elimination of bonuses in 2006 to increase the company financial performance. †¢ Closure of Dell’s biggest call center in April, 2003 terminating 1100 employees. †¢ On January 8, 2009 Dell announced the closing of its manufacturing plant in Limerick, Ireland with the loss of 1,900 jobs and the shift of production to its plant in Poland. †¢ Dell not able to attract the students of schools and colleges, this segment earn only 5% of total revenues. †¢ Lot of criticism against the Dell’s claim of world’s most secured notebooks. †¢ Dell willingly discontinued the â€Å"world’s most secure laptops† advertisement after the declaration of the NAD investigation. †¢ Dell have no proprietary technology, the currently used technology by dell are shared by the other major competitors. †¢ Dell is dependent on its suppliers Opportunities †¢ India, Pakistan and Bangladesh are the untapped markets. †¢ Market penetration in education and Government markets. †¢ Cost reduction in latest technology. †¢ Partnership or acquiring of suppliers. †¢ Dell has opportunity to sell computer directly to retailers. Threats †¢ Fluctuation in currency outside US. †¢ Major competitors in the market. †¢ Most of the countries are hit by recession which may result in the reduction of revenues. †¢ Government Policies. †¢ Bargaining of Suppliers. †¢ Rapid change in technology obsoletes the product in small span of time. †¢ Aggressive marketing by competitors.